Financial Reporting
In General
Rules Governing Disclosures by Issuers
Required Reports Filed with the SEC
The core reports required by § 13 are
Annual 10-K (periodic)
Quarterly 10-Q (periodic)
8-K (occasional)
Required to be filed where triggered by significant events:
Change of control;
Changing auditors;
Financial statements misleading;
Director's resignation;
Amendments or waivers to the issuer's code of ethics;
The company entering into or terminating a material agreement outside the ordinary course of business;
Acquisition/disposition of material assets;
The creation of, or default upon, a material financial obligation;
Credit rating changes;
Asset impairment that lead to material deduction to the financial statements;
Bankruptcy/receivership;
After announcing financial information for a completed fiscal year.
In most cases, filing must occur within four business days after significant event.
§ 13's reporting obligations are triggered if:
(1) § 12(a) - listing on a national exchange
This section makes it unlawful for any broker, dealer, or exchange member to effect transactions on a national securities exchange in securities (other than exempt securities) that are not registered.
§ 12(b) provides a mechanism by which issuers can register their securities with the exchanges (and indirectly with the SEC).
The registration form (Form 12) is in essence a portrait of the management and financial condition of the issuer, today part of the integrated disclosure system.
(2) § 12(g) - over the counter stocks over a certain limit
Issuers must register a class of equity securities with the SEC if, on the last day of their fiscal year, that class is held of record by 2,000 or more persons and (by virtue of Rule 12g-1, which has periodically revised the statutory standard) the issuer has more than $10 million in assets.
BUT a company is a reporting company if it has 500 or more record holders who are not accredited investors.
Shares held by persons who acquired them pursuant to an employee compensation plan, e.g. Rule 701, are not deemed holders of record.
Rule 12g5-1(b)(3) states that if an issuer knows or has reason to know that a manner of holding securities of record has been used primarily to circumvent the registration requirements, the beneficial owners of such securities shall be deemed to be record owners.
The registration obligation terminates, subject to SEC review for accuracy, 90 days after the issuer files a certification that the number of shareholders of record of such class is fewer than 300 persons or that there are fewer than 500 record holders of its stock and its total assets have not exceeded $10 million on the last day of each of the three most recent fiscal years. § 12(g)(4) and Rule 12g-4
(3) § 15(d) - filing a registration statement under the '33 Act
§ 15(d) requires an issuer that files a registration statement under the '33 Act in connection with a public distribution to file periodic reports thereafter under the scheme set forth in § 13 of the '34 Act.
This reporting duty ceases if at the beginning of any fiscal year other than the one in which the registration statement became effective, the securities of each class to which the registration statement related came to be held of record by fewer than 300 persons.
§ 13 also requires filings by investors who acquire more than 5% or more of a company
§ 16
Individuals who are statutory insiders when there is a change in their ownership (Form 4)
This facilitates:
§ 16(b) - Insider Trading (Short Swing Trading)
Enforceable by derivative suit
The line items for 10-K and 10-Qs are set out in Regulation S-K
The financial information is set out in Regulation S-X
The core of periodic reports are the financial statements
Periodic Reports
10-K: Must include audited financial statements
10-Q: Includes unaudited financial statements
These reports are used by investors, managers, rating agencies, creditors, suppliers, competitors, and government.
Both the 10-K and the 10-Q require the Management Discussion & Analysis
MD & A
Discussion and analysis of the financial conditions and results of operations
Comparing company history with this quarter/year and say why
What is the financial condition? (e.g., we are short on working capital and here is why)
Financial Statements
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)
Principles come from everywhere but mostly FASB
There is a lot of room for judgment & estimates in financial statements
Accounting Industry is regulated by PCAOB
Regulated Public Accounting Profession
Inspects Accounting Firms
Promulgates Rules
Under the '34 Act, the SEC has the power to approve rules adopted by exchanges and the SEC has the power to prescribe that exchanges adopt certain rule
Consequences of Registration:
File § 13 reports
Subject to proxy regulations
If not going to solicit proxies, still have to distribute information statement
Potential liability under § 18 for misstatements in '34 filings (BUT High Burden)
Congress explicitly provided a private right of action in § 18 for persons harmed as a result of misleading filings required by the Exchange Act.
§ 18 imposes liability upon any person who makes or causes to be made a false or misleading statement in a required filing under the Act and permits recovery of damages by any person "who in reliance upon such statement, shall have purchased or sold a security at a price which was affected by such statement" unless "the person sued shall prove that he acted in good faith and had no knowledge that such statement was false or misleading."
ELEMENTS
(1) Read and relied on false statement
(2) Decline in price caused by the false statement
(3) Good Faith Defense?
BUT the elements are exceedingly hard to meet:
(1) There is the double reliance requirement: The plaintiff must actually have relied on the particular misstatement (i.e., must...
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