LLM Law Outlines Intellectual Property (IP) Law Outlines
IP Law with Former Spring 2019
Based on the book Intellectual Property in the New Technological Age 2018 (Robert P. Merges)...
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18-21. Establishment of Trademark Rights
Establishing Trademark Rights P.875
Distinctiveness
Classification of Marks and Requirements for Protection
Genericness
Distinctiveness of Trade Dress and Product Configuration
Product Configuration
Functionality
Priority: first to use in commerce
Actual use in Commerce
Intent-to-use application process
Geographic limitations on trademark use
Federal Registration and PTO Procedures
Incontestability
Purpose
Help identify source and protect from consumer confusion
Purchasers may think they are buying something else (wrong source, diff quality)
Company: Brand lose value, lose sale, lose goodwill due to customer’s confusion
Customer: Dilute value of the brand; consumer confusion, not fully informed
Tort notion: deception of consumers
No time limit, as long as they are used in commerce (can last forever)
Historical Background
Early Legal Protection
Early 1800s: Common Law Tort: Palming off, piracy
Federal Trademark Act 1870 (based on IP Clause)
Fed TM law dominates States’ TM law
Started off narrower requiring identicality, intend to deceive
Trade-Mark Cases 1879
1881 Federal TM Act: based on commerce clause, limited to foreign commerce
Modern History
1905 Federal TM Act: extended to interstate commerce
broaden require likelihood of confusion and unfair
1946 Lanham Act
S.22 federal registration constructive notice
S.43(a) unfair competition: not limited to same goods and names
1984 Counterfeiting: ex parte seizure orders, criminal penalties 18USC s.2320
1988 TLRA: intent to use registration
1996 No anti-dilution protection (expansion)
Can control market even when use is not confusing to consumers, if you have very famous trademark
1999 ACPA
Trademark Theory
Doesn’t depend on novelty, invention, discovery, or any work of the brain
Trademark protection is awarded merely to those who were the first to use a distinctive mark in commerce: the senior (first to use) user of a mark may prevent junior (subsequent) users from employing the same or a similar mark where there is a likelihood of confusion between the two marks
Functions of Trademark: source identification, quality assurance, advertising vehicle
Broad TM
Consumer protection: lower search costs
Incentives to for businesses to invest in
Creation of the mark
Advertising and promoting the product in association with the mark; and
Product related investments, e.g. high-quality raw materials, product equipment, quality assurance techniques
Prevent competitors from freeriding
Limited TM: Free competition, Innovation, Free speech
The Basic Economics of Trademarks and Advertising
Early economists were critical of advertising – as it serves both useful (informative) and wasteful (persuasive, intended to suggest that one product is superior to a similar if not identical alternative)
Nowadays widely accepted view of consumer info economics
Trademarks economies on consumer search costs,
informs consumer of the quality of the branded product,
consumers benefit from concise and efficient designation of the source of products
Fostering incentives for firms to invest in product, to develop and maintain consistent quality standards
Foster competition among firms over a wide quality and variety spectrum
Facilitate efficient new business models, such as franchising
Consumers generally distinguish among 3 types of product features:
Search attributes: e.g. color and price
Experience attributes: e.g. taste
Credence attributes: durability
Some trademarks also signal status/ identity for some consumers:
e.g. luxury brands like Rolex watches, T-shirts with university logo
When a trademark serves as an indication of a brand, it primarily associated with general qualities and attributes but overtime they become something much more: a signal of values, qualities and even a particular lifestyle
Counterfeit goods could conceivably divert some consumers who would otherwise purchase the authentic article, though knowing it is not genuine
Protection entails server types of costs
Generic/ descriptive terms as trademark can increase search costs and impair competition by raising the marketing costs of competitors, e.g. “cookies”
Greater costs when trademark law protects characteristics of the product themselves, preventing competitor form using the word to describe its product would bring inconvenience, forcing them to find another word that consumers would understand
Admin and maintenance costs
Mark owners must police their marks to prevent unauthorized use and supervise licensees to ensure that quality standards are maintained
Subject Matter
MML 861-75; 15 U.S.C. §§ 1125(a), 1127
What can be protected as Trademark? P.870
Company names can become product names if that co. gets exclusive right to describe it product with that name, customers might encounter difficulty in knowing what to ask for
Only some terms and symbols are eligible for trademark protection
Degree or protection depend on the strength of the mark
Classification of the term:
Decreases in strength as they increase in natural association
Arbitrary/ fanciful:
Word or phrase that bears no relationship to the product it describes
strongest, as any value the possess in terms of name recognition comes from the corporate use of the name, rather than natural association in people’s mind
Suggestive: Suggest a product in people’s minds
Descriptive: Geographic designations/personal names, describe the product/ service offered
Only protected upon acquiring source-identifying meaning to consumers
Generic: Natural way to refer to that type of product, ineligible for trademark protection
(1) Trademarks, Trade Names, and Service Marks
Laham Act s.45 Definition of Trademark
“The term “trademark” includes any word, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof –
(1) used by a person, or
(2) which a person has a bona fide intention to use in commerce and applies to register on...
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IP Law with Former Spring 2019
Based on the book Intellectual Property in the New Technological Age 2018 (Robert P. Merges)...
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