Law Outlines Constitutional Law (Duke Adler) Outlines
Professor Adler's Constitutional Law outline...
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EP:
RBR for any classification
HS for certain suspect classes: race/ gender
SDP:
Review if government infringes on some liberty
Fundamental rights: HS
Others: RBR
No review if not infringed, so money in general is OK
Slaughterhouse and background
5A due process clause: limitation on FG
Original bill of rights 1A-8A rights are applicable only to federal government, not to the states (Barron v. Baltimore)
Specifically 5A takings clauses applies only to federal government.
Art. IV § 2 Privileges and immunities: Limitation on the states
Non-discrimination clause: States may not deny to OOS citizens P&I provided to their own citizens
14A
citizenship clause: every person born/ naturalized in US is state and US citizen, overturns Dread Scott
P-I: “No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States.”
P-I: Slaughterhouse, narrow reading: Rights against state government that individuals have in their special capacity as US citizens. Rights guaranteed in the first eight amendments are not applicable to the states via the P-I clause of 14A.
Very narrow rights: right to travel (Saenz v. Roe), etc.
DP
EP
Lochner
14A DP: procedural due process + substantive due process
Lochner criticism
no SDP
no SDP beyond incorporation
SDP beyond incorporation, but liberty does not include economic liberties
Harlan dissent: SDP, liberty includes economic liberty, but liberty is not absolute, limitation of economic liberty is justified in Lochner.
Worker health (paternalistic)
Worker wage (redistributive)
Holmes dissent: SDP, liberty includes economic liberty, but deference
Incorporation
1A-8A applicable to FG
14A DP incorporates 1A, 2A (right to bear arms), 4A, most of 5A (except right to indictment), 6A, 8A excessive fines, making them applicable to States.
Incorporation includes both procedural and substantive DP
Approaches to incorporation:
fundamental fairness (Cardozo)
Total incorporation (Black)
Selective incorporation (Ducan, court follows this approach)
Test: whether a particular bill of rights guarantee is fundamental to our scheme of ordered liberty and system of justice (McDonald) / whether the right is deeply rooted in this nation’s history and tradition (Glucksberg)
Modern SDP Review of economic regulation: two approaches reaching the same result
dominant approach: Carolene and Williamson: rational basis review, (economic activities are a kind of liberty):
Economic regulations will be upheld when challenged under the due process clause so long as they are rationally related to a legitimate public purpose.
hypothetical rationality: test looks for hypothetical, not actual, rationality (as long as Court can imagine some state of facts and legitimate purpose for the statute, the statute is upheld)
Skupra: no review at all (economic activities are not liberty at all)
As a practical matter, Williamson and Skrupa have same outcomes: Challenges to economic regulation always lose (no case since 1937 where an economic challenge has succeeded)
Griswold
Douglas, majority: not a 14A DP case, rather the right of privacy based on penumbras of Bill of Rights 1A, 3A, 4A, 5A – this approach has been criticized and not been followed
Goldberg: 9A
Harlan: 14A SDP – this is the modern theory
Eisenstadt and Carey
The right to control reproduction is a fundamental right, and regulations imposing a burden on it can only be justified by compelling state interest and must be drawn to express only those interests.
Post-viability: state can prohibit abortion, except for therapeutic abortions (Roe)
Pre-viability:
general prohibition is not permissible
regulation, undue burden: The government can regulate abortions before viability so long as it does not place an undue burden on access to abortions: the state regulation of abortion is an undue burden if it has the purpose or effect of placing substantial obstacles. (regulation forces women to choose a more dangerous method of abortion) (Casey and Roe)
Effect: There is undue burden if the rule being challenged changes conduct in a large fraction of women. (Carhart)
Purpose:
Actual subjective purpose
Objective purpose: what reasonable person would say
Purpose to persuade is not invalidated because the state has an interest in potential life.
Stare decisis (Casey does not overrule Roe) under what conditions will the court overrule a prior decision
The current court believes that the precedent is incorrect
No reliance
Change of facts/ change in understanding of fact
Doctrinal anachronism: there is an evolution of legal principles that undermined the doctrinal foundation of the precedents
Examples:
Waiting periods – OK (Casey)
Informed consent: require that women be advised about the fetus and its characteristics at that stage of pregnancy. – OK (Casey)
Fetal viability test – not sure
Reporting and recording requirement (Casey)
Medical procedures – not sure
Partial birth abortion ban – OK (Carhart)
Spousal notification – No (Casey)
Conditional spending: government is not constitutionally required to subsidize abortions. The exercise of a constitutional right does not create a duty for the state to subsidize the exercise of that right. Government can constitutionally make the choice to encourage childbirth over abortion.
OK: Funds for abortion/ childbirth, plus addition bonus for childbirth
OK: Funds for childbirth, not elective abortion
OK: Funds for childbirth, not health related abortions
Maher dictum, strict scrutiny: Welfare benefits, on condition that no abortion
Lawrence v. Texas
The court does not articulate the level of scrutiny to be used FORK
Court engaged in RBR: Court says “statute furthers no...
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Professor Adler's Constitutional Law outline...
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